Smoking Bans and Circulatory System Disease Mortality Reduction in Macao (China): Using GRA Models.

Meanwhile, due to confounding factors such as health technology advancements in the treatment of underlying diseases, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and preventive medicine, smoking bans’ effects on health outcomes in major cities or nationwide may not be significant in empirical studies [ 37 ]. 1.3.

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While physician density has a highly significant negative association with CSD mortality, the coefficient of smoking rate is insignificant.

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