More important in our analysis is the effect of “parental contact,” which is positive, strong and highly significant on ties in students' friendship networks (0.667 *** ).
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The dynamics of intergenerational closure and family networks of social cohesion.
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There is a slight trend for the rate-parameters of friendship and parental contact from period 1 to period 2 ( Supplementary Figure A5 , Appendix 1 ).
Another study showed that collective efficacy significantly reduces delinquency, whereas the effect of intergenerational closure is even positive and marginally significant when controlling for collective efficacy (Valasik and Barton, 2017 ).