Numerical study of location and depth of rectangular grooves on the turbulent heat transfer performance and characteristics of CuO-water nanofluid flow.

Heliyon · 2023 · PMC10025894 · PMID 36950575

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

In this diagram, for each e/D value, there is an increasing trend for each pitch spacing.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Therefore, by increasing Re, the value of f follows a decreasing trend.

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