Nanofat lysate ameliorates pain and cartilage degradation of osteoarthritis through activation of TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling of chondrocytes.

* and # indicate a significant difference of p < 0.05, ** and ## indicate a very significant difference of p < 0.01, and *** indicates an extremely significant difference of p < 0.001. 3 Results 3.1 Anti-OA efficacy of NFL in rats To evaluate the in vivo efficacy of NFL, an OA rat model was established and treated with intra-articular injection of NFL ( Figure 1A ).

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