failed to reach significancep = 0.16
Further examination of the beta values showed that vocabulary also failed to reach significance when Cattell was excluded from the model ( b = − 0.14, p = 0.16); however, when both vocabulary and Cattell were included as predictors in the model, vocabulary had a significant negative effect ( b = − 0.23; p < 0.05) and the coefficient ( b ) for Cattell increased from 0.70 ( p < 0.001) to 0.77 ( p < 0.001).