Contrasting effects of fungicide and herbicide active ingredients and their formulations on bumblebee learning and behaviour.

Learning level of bees was not affected by Roundup or glyphosate (glmmTMB: χ 2 2 =2.13, P = 0.35), but body size did have a marginally significant effect (glmmTMB: χ 2 1 =4, P =0.046), where smaller bees from all three treatments were more likely to have a learnt response.

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