A distinct microbiota signature precedes the clinical diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Further microbial phenotype analyses showed a decreasing trend in anaerobic bacteria, and an increasing trend in mobile elements and facultatively anaerobic bacteria ( Figure 3d–f ), indicating that disruption of epithelial hypoxia and accumulation of harmful bacteria were linked to gut dysbiosis and inflammatory reactions that increased intestinal permeability 31 for intestinal bacterial translocation during carcinogenesis.

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