Socioeconomic and Governance Factors Disentangle the Relationship between Temperature and Antimicrobial Resistance: A 10-Year Ecological Analysis of European Countries.

Marginally non-significant evidence was observed for a positive relationship with K. pneumoniae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (β = 0.172; 95%CI = −0.008; 0.351; p = 0.060), and a negative relationship with MRSA (β = −0.172; 95%CI = −0.350; 0.006; p = 0.059) and E. coli resistant to aminopenicillins (β = −0.219; 95%CI = −0.449; 0.012; p = 0.063).

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In spite of a slight decline from 2019 to 2020, an increasing trend of infections, attributable deaths, and DALYs due to antibiotic-resistant pathogens has been observed during the last decade [ 3 ].

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Using unadjusted models, we found significant or marginally significant relationships between temperature change and AMR, including positive associations for E. coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and K. pneumoniae resistant to fluoroquinolones or third-generation cephalosporins, and negative associations for E. coli resistant to aminopenicillins and MRSA.

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