Generation of Nano-Bubbles by NaHCO₃ for Improving the FO Membrane Performance.

At concentrations greater than or equal to 6 wt%, as the sodium bicarbonate concentration increased, the roughness showed a decreasing trend because, as the reaction proceeded, too much carbon dioxide was released, leading to the rupture of the polyamide layer.

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We measured the contact angle on the surface of the polyamide layer, which showed an increasing trend, indicating that the membrane surface became more hydrophobic after the addition of sodium bicarbonate, and the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface affected the water flux of the membrane.

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