Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and atrial fibrillation: a Sub-Saharan African perspective.

112 , 113 Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction/atrial fibrillation and genotype In Arg389 homozygous HFrEF/AF patients, bucindolol demonstrated a borderline significant reduction in all‐cause mortality/HF hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality/cardiovascular hospitalization. 102 A pharmacogenetic sub‐study of the prospective, double‐blind, randomized CIBIS‐ELD (Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study in Elderly study) trial ( n = 528) demonstrated that the heart rate‐lowering effects of carvedilol, a non‐selective beta‐blocker, in patients with HFrEF/AF were also dependent on the Arg389Gly polymorphism 53 , 61 ( Figure 2 ).

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