Birth weight and large for gestational age trends in offspring of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus in southern China, 2012-2021.

Data from the United States and the United Kingdom showed an increasing trend in mean birth weight ( 3 , 4 ).

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However, the z-score for birth weight showed that GDM offspring had higher birth weight than non-GDM offspring, and both groups demonstrated a decreasing trend ( Table 2 ).

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