Quality evaluation of ground improvement by deep cement mixing piles via ground-penetrating radar.

In the quality evaluation process of ground improvement, although the subgrade strengthened by piles is equivalent to a set of strata, the GPR response characteristics of equivalent strata are completely different from those of strata without pile, and there may be significant differences between the GPR response characteristics of defective piles and complete piles (Fig. 1c, d, e ).

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