Neural Signatures of Hierarchical Linguistic Structures in Second Language Listening Comprehension.

However, for L2 listeners, the interaction between attention and linguistic structures reached marginal significance ( F (1.387,31.893) = 3.692, p = 0.051), showing that only at the phrase-level frequency of 2 Hz did L2 listeners take advantage of voluntary attention to enhance their neural responses compared with passive listening ( p = 0.029) but not at the other tagged frequencies.

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We observed a marginally significant interaction between the two variables ( F (1,46) = 3.737, p = 0.059), indicating a tendency for L2 listeners to have weaker sentence-level tracking than L1 listeners in the active condition ( p = 0.004) but not the passive condition ( p = 0.138).

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