Gene-environment interactions and the case of body mass index and obesity: How much do they matter?

PNAS Nexus · 2023 · PMC10335730 · PMID 37441616

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highly significantno p-value reported

For example, there are important GxE effects involving smoking behavior and changing environments (birth cohort and social contexts) ( 22 , 23 , 48 ); might it not be case that second-order effects of GxE in the case of smoking (lung and other cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and CVD) are highly significant?

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