Mitochondrial impairment but not peripheral inflammation predicts greater Gulf War illness severity.

CIIMaxUC (aspect of mitochondrial function determined by using glucose as the fuel source with FCCP as an uncoupler) related to cold limbs, significantly in the total sample and with borderline significance in VGWI assessed separately: r = − 0.40 ( p = 0.033) and r = − 0.47 ( p = 0.065), respectively.

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A nonsignificant trend toward higher BMI was observed in VGWI (consistent with past reports of increased weight gain in Gulf War veterans 6 ).

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Impaired MRCF indexed by complex I and II oxidative phosphorylation with glucose as a fuel source (CI&CIIOXPHOS) related significantly or borderline significantly in the predicted direction to 17 of 20 symptoms in the combined sample.

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The most exaggerated case–control difference is in the relation between CI&CIIOXPHOS and FAOMaxUC, showing a strong and highly significant correlation in cases and essentially no correlation in controls.

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