Probiotic supplementation during antibiotic treatment is unjustified in maintaining the gut microbiome diversity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

None of the studies reported significant differences between the two groups regarding other indices [ 50 – 53 , 55 ]. Taxonomic analysis of microbiome composition At phylum level, a decreasing trend in the proportion of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes with a higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria was observed after antibiotic therapy in both groups, regardless of probiotic supplementation.

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Several articles reported an increasing trend of Enterobacteriaceae in the probiotic supplemented group only [ 55 , 62 ]; however, according to other studies [ 57 , 58 ], this increase was observed only in the control group.

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