marginally significantp < 0.0001
For exposure assessment ( Figure 9 ), there was a marginally significant association between UPF intake and risk of CRC (RR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.15–1.42, p < 0.0001) in FFQ, and the heterogeneity was more heterogeneity ( p = 0.008; I 2 = 63.3%).