What Is Written on a Dog's Face? Evaluating the Impact of Facial Phenotypes on Communication between Humans and Canines.

Animals (Basel) · 2023 · PMC10376741 · PMID 37508162

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0490

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0920

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = 0.049actually significant

There was a marginally significant main effect with a medium effect size [F(1, 66) = 4.02, p = 0.049, η 2 = 0.050; p bonf = 0.008] ( Figure 3 ).

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a negative trendp = 0.092so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

There was a negative trend toward significance between expressivity and PS (r = −0.167, p = 0.092).

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a trend toward significancep = 0.092so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

But, there was a trend toward significance between expressivity and the PS, with the higher the subjective expressivity score, the lower the PS (r = −0.167, p = 0.092), which we hypothesized may be indicative of an indirect effect of the PS on agreement (the relationship between the objective OBS and subjective expressivity)—the OBS was higher for dogs with lower PSs, while objective and subjective scores of dogs with higher OBSs were more closely aligned.

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trend toward significancep = 0.092so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

There was a negative trend toward significance between expressivity and PS (r = −0.167, p = 0.092).

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