However, it was highly significant on the individual level with greater power (B = 5.4, p = 2 × 10 –6 ), suggesting that in Eastern Hungary the trend of respondents in larger settlements having later chronotypes is amplified.
More social jetlag was associated with smoking and better self-rated mental health (all three questionnaires), with borderline significant associations with headaches (p = 0.043) and the absence of palpitations (p = 0.018), but none of the other anthropometric/biomedical measures.
This latter finding fits well with the concept of chronotype, as well as with the definition of morningness–eveningness as preferred time schedules or the degree to which respondents are active and alert at certain times of day 48 , 49 .The finding that sleepiness is lowest during the midday, but the timing of its nadir is affected by an individual’s chronotype, may be significant in the prediction and prevention of sleepiness-related accidents.