highly significantp < 0.001
Differences between groups of *p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant, **p < 0.01 were considered highly significant, and ***p < 0.001 were considered very highly significant. 3 Results 3.1 Preparation and physicochemical characterization of the SIS/PDA/Cu bio-patch The preparation and surface modifications were illustrated in Fig. 1 a.