Land use and land cover changes and their impact on ecosystem service values in the north-eastern highlands of Ethiopia.

Indeed, as a result of LULC changes, the entire ecosystem service functions showed a decreasing trend through the study periods, with the exception of food production and biological control, which lingered in change at almost the same or negligible rates across the study periods ( Table 8 ).

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The LULC change trajectories in Figs 2 and 3 represent an increasing trend in the proportion of cultivated land, built-up area, and barren land, which make up roughly 78.9%.

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