GelMA-glycol chitosan hydrogels for cartilage regeneration: The role of uniaxial mechanical stimulation in enhancing mechanical, adhesive, and biochemical properties.

Cell-free GelMA-GC hydrogels showed a decreasing trend of E as culture continued [ Fig. 1(a) ]; however, an opposite trend was observed when cells were included [ Fig. 1(b) ].

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However, we observed an increasing trend of force over the last 2 days of culture (to 3.5 N on day 13 and 5 N on day 14), which could indicate the early stages of establishment of mechanically functional matrix (supplementary material Table S1).

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