23 The ambiguity of relevant indications and the variable use of alternative interventions such as applying warm compresses or suggesting other birthing positions 22 may be significant factors in explaining the wide variation in the procedure’s incidence. 24 Informed consent The ethical requirement of informed consent embodies respect for patient autonomy and bodily integrity. 25 Consent is morally transformative: it changes the nature of an act from, for example, assault, to permissible touching or treatment.
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