Catastrophic health expenditure and its association with socioeconomic status in China: evidence from the 2011-2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

Catastrophic health expenditure often decreased from 2011 to 2013, and an increasing trend occurred afterwards.

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Similarly, the overall incidence of catastrophic health expenditure was 6.31%, 11.56%, and 36.90% in 2013; 8.95%, 15.16%, and 38.83% in 2015; and 20.67%, 24.42%, and 36.98% in 2018, separately (Table 4 ). Overall, we observed a decreasing trend in the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure from the poorest to the richest quintile at both fixed and variable thresholds (Table 4 ).

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