pylori infection found that the presence of Regular Arrangement of Collecting venules (RACs) was a highly significant predictor of H. pylori absence (OR: 55, sensitivity 78.3%, and specificity 93.8%) [ 77 ], and a subsequent systematic review with 4070 patients confirmed this exclusion criterion with even higher specificity (97%) [ 78 ], suggesting its potential utility in combination with traditional diagnostic methods, particularly when RAC results are negative.
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