TransOrbital NeuroEndoscopic Surgery for Biopsy of the Left Cavernous Sinus: A Literature Review, Case Report, and Cadaveric Proof of Concept.

ility of neurovascular injury. 2 3 The subtemporal middle fossa craniotomy and the frontotemporal craniotomy with or without orbital and orbitozygomatic variations have been long considered the standard for access to the CS when complemented by the Dolenc, Hakuba, or Kawaze approaches. 4 With an increasing trend toward more minimally invasive techniques, the endoscopic endonasal approach such as transmaxillary and transpterygoid approaches have also been gaining traction.

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