Environmental Risk Factors, Protective Factors, and Biomarkers for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Umbrella Review of the Evidence.

Clin Rev Allergy Immunol · 2023 · PMC10567804 · PMID 37490237

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0000

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0000

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp values < 0.000001actually significant

For example, a study involving 1001 patients with a highly significant p values < 0.000001 association between risk factors and outcomes may be classified as class I evidence according to the grading criteria of evidence, while another study with the same results in other aspects but only 1000 patients may be graded as class IV evidence.

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