Vertical structures of marine heatwaves.

The occurrence area of the subsurface-reversed MHWs showed a rising trend of 1.27 × 10 14 m 2 yr −1 over 2001–2020, followed by the deep MHW, with an increasing trend of 7.38 × 10 13 m 2 yr −1 ( p < 0.01; Fig. 6a ).

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