highly significantp < 0.001
Levels of statistical significance were demarcated as follows: p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant and designated with a single asterisk (*), p < 0.01 was deemed highly significant and marked with double asterisks (**), and p < 0.001 was categorized as exceedingly significant and annotated with triple asterisks (***). 3 Results 3.1 cxcl12a has specific expression in pharyngeal pouch Previous investigations have elucidated the pivotal role of cxcl12b in cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) migration and neurocranium morphogenesis, originating from the pharyngeal endoderm and arch mesenchyme ( Olesnicky Killian et al., 2009 ).