Comprehensive cell surface protein profiling of human mesenchymal stromal cells from peritoneal dialysis effluent and comparison with those from human bone marrow and adipose tissue.

Except potential risk of promotion of tumor growth and metastasis by MSCs [ 7 ] and version loss in 3 patients by direct injection of AT-MSCs into the eyes [ 8 ], all published studies have confirmed the safety of MSC-based therapies without notable adverse effects [ 6 , 9 , 10 ], but the efficacies have fallen short of expectations—either neutral or marginally significant [ 6 , 9 ], which may be due to several challengers in this field including immunoincompatibility between donors (MSCs) and recipients, and heterogeneity in functional cell surface markers, immunomodulation and differentiation potential that have been extensively discussed in recent literature [ 6 , 10 – 14 ].

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