Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy at birth at the global, regional, and national levels: A joinpoint time-series analysis.

In the entire study period from 1990 to 2021, 207 countries and areas experienced an increasing trend in life expectancy at birth, with the highest AAPC in South Sudan (2.5%; 95% CI = 1.4, 3.6) and Rwanda (1.9%; 95% CI = 1.4, 2.4) ( Figure 3 , panel C and Table S2 in the Online Supplementary Document ).

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Twenty-five countries and areas experienced a flat trend in life expectancy at birth over the entire period, such as Cuba, Belize, and Mexico, while the remaining four experienced a decreasing trend in life expectancy at birth over the entire period, with the lowest AAPC occurring in Lesotho (-0.3%; 95% CI = -0.5, -0.2) ( Figure 3 , panel C and Table S2 in the Online Supplementary Document ).

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