Time lag effect on malaria transmission dynamics in an Amazonian Colombian municipality and importance for early warning systems.

Despite efforts to control malaria transmission, including the use of antimalarial drugs and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), Colombia has not seen a decreasing trend in malaria cases in recent years and remains a major public health problem, especially among indigenous populations living in remote areas with limited access to healthcare 13 , 14 .

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Open areas exhibited constant expansion until 2017, followed by a temporary reduction, only to resume a positive trend in late 2019 (see Fig. 2 ).

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