(2015) demonstrated a decreasing trend in SMAD4 protein levels from histological grade I to III, suggesting that SMAD4 may participate in the carcinogenesis and progression of breast ductal carcinoma.
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Association of Germline Variation in Driver Genes with Breast Cancer Risk in Chilean Population.
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Although genetics play an important role in BC etiology, the major susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 only explain about 16% of risk, and analysis of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations currently plays a highly significant role in oncological clinical genetics worldwide, with the goal of improving prevention and treatment for women at high risk.