Yttrium Oxide nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and ferroptosis in the human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.

Indeed, our flow cytometric analysis uncovered apoptosis induction upon Y 2 O 3 -NPs as manifested by the markedly significant ( P < 0.001) increase in early and late apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells (Fig. 5 A).

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