Observational studies generate misleading results about the health effects of air pollution: Evidence from chronic air pollution and COVID-19 outcomes.

For our sample of interest, the set of census tracts that lie between 0.05 and 0.5 km from the nearest highway, the coefficient on the percentage of Black residents is marginally significant at the 10% level, which we would expect to occur by chance given our set of 12 control variables.

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