Comparative clinical study of the modified Broström procedure for the treatment of the anterior talofibular ligament injury-outcomes of the open technique compared to the arthroscopic procedure.

(2) VAS scores of ankle pain: there was an interaction effect between the time and group factors ( F = 0.378, P = 0.018); overall, there was no statistically significant difference in VAS scores of ankle pain between the two groups, i.e., there was no grouping effect ( F = 1.865, P = 0.163); there was statistically significant difference in VAS score of ankle pain at different time points before and after operation, i.e., there was a time effect ( F = 1.675, P = 0.000); the VAS scores of ankle pain showed a decreasing trend with time in both groups, but the decreasing trend was not completely consistent between the two groups ((7.78 ± 1.23), (1.23 ± 1.24), (1.03 ± 0.35), (1.01 ± 0.28), F = 0.568, P = 0.000.

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(3) AOFAS ankle and hindfoot scores: there was an interaction effect between time and grouping factors ( F = 2.693, P = 0.027); overall, there was no statistically significant difference in the AOFAS ankle and hindfoot scores between the two groups, i.e., there was no grouping effect ( F = 1.983, P = 0.106); there was statistically significant difference in the AOFAS ankle and hindfoot scores at different time points before and after surgery, i.e., there was a time effect ( F = 34.623, P = 0.000); the AOFAS ankle and hindfoot scores of the two groups showed an increasing trend with time, but the increasing trend of the two groups was not completely consistent ((48.19 ± 12.89), (89.20 ± 8.96), (90.24 ± 7.89), (91.34 ± 9.67), F = 25.623, P = 0.000; (49.35 ± 13.28), (86.78 ± 12.34), (88.78 ± 9.78),(91.43 ± 7.98), F = 33.275, P = 0.000); there was no statistically significan

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