Quantitative assessment and optimization of parallel contact model for flexible paddy straw: a definitive screening and central composite design approach using discrete element method.

The results presented in Table 3 demonstrate that the main effects, including CSF (Straw-Straw), CSF (straw steel), CRF (straw steel), normal stiffness, shear stiffness, and BDS, have a highly significant impact on the bending force ( p < 0.01).

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The BF exhibited an increasing trend with an increase in shear stiffness up to 7.52 × 10 8 N m −3 , after which it decreased within the range of variables.

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