Investigating trade-offs between ovary activation and immune protein expression in bumble bee (<i>Bombus impatiens</i>) workers and queens.

This approach overcomes a problematic relationship we observed within the data: there was a highly significant correlation between ovary mass and body mass among queenless workers from all four colonies (Pearson correlation, R = 0.48, p = 3 × 10 −16 ; figure 3 a ).

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In contrast to ovary mass differences, body masses were comparatively stable, with only small magnitude and marginally significant differences identified (Kruskal–Wallis test to enable comparisons with ovary mass results: χ 2 = 6.2, p = 0.046; or one-way ANOVA, as the data do meet the assumptions: F = 3.4, p = 0.043).

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