Production of Lignin-Derived Functional Material for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption with an Ultralow Filler Ratio.

Additionally, the attenuation constant (α) was calculated to assess the dissipation ability of EMWs inside the carbonaceous materials with the following Equation (3): (3) α = 2 π f c × μ ′′ ε ′′ - μ ′ ε ′ + μ ′′ ε ′′ - μ ′ ε ′ 2 + μ ′ ε ′′ - μ ′′ ε ′ 2 As shown in Figure 6 d, the α values of LC, LPC and HLPC presented an increasing trend with the increase in frequency.

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