<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> and its metabolite ursodeoxycholic acid ameliorate ulcerative colitis by promoting Treg differentiation and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization.

Quantitative analysis of bile acid species indicated that GDCA and GUDCA exhibited an increasing trend in the DSS group, although statistical significance was not reached, and the concentrations of both were markedly low in the mice’s gut.

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The contents of TCA, CA, and UDCA all showed a decreasing trend in the DSS group, but only the contents of UDCA increased significantly after LA intervention ( Figure 4F ).

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