highly significantp = 1.3 × 10 −6
At the end of the study (165 days), after three dosing cycles of E5, we observed highly significant improvements in TNF-alpha levels (Student’s T test p = 1.3 × 10 −6 for males and p = 7.6 × 10 −5 for females) and IL-6 levels ( p = 4.1 × 10 −6 for males, p = 3.4 × 10 −6 for females, Supplementary Fig. 14 A–D) in the blood of E5-injected rats over that of saline controls.