Early life exposure of infants to benzylpenicillin and gentamicin is associated with a persistent amplification of the gut resistome.

coli abundances were highest in the VDnoab group at week 1 and week 4, and generally, an increasing trend was seen for all groups until week 24.

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In general, facultative anaerobes (such as Staphylococcus , Streptococcus , Enterococcus ) known to colonise the gut in the first week of life showed a decreasing trend over time, while obligate anaerobes ( Blautia , Bifidobacterium , Anaerostipes , Bacteroides , Eggerthella , Ruminococcus , Eubacterium ) showed a growing trend with time [ 53 ].

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