Process-evaluation of forest aerosol-cloud-climate feedback shows clear evidence from observations and large uncertainty in models.

Despite considerable research effort being put into BSOA feedback modelling, the estimates of the feedback strength vary by two orders of magnitude – from highly significant ( − 0.28 Wm −2 K −1 for NorESM2, offsetting almost 13% of the forcing from a doubling of CO 2 from pre-industrial levels 14 ), to completely negligible (0.001 Wm −2 K −1 for UKESM1 in 15 , Table 9) see also 8 , 9 , 13 , 16 .

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