Breeding progress of nitrogen use efficiency of cereal crops, winter oilseed rape and peas in long-term variety trials.

In Germany, the reported total nitrogen input per hectare (ha) which consists of mineral and organic N fertilizer, N deposition and biological N fixation as well as N from seeds and planting material was quite stable since the 1990s, but recently shows a decreasing trend from 2015 onwards (Fig. 1 ).

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