GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs to the medulla oblongata and locus coeruleus noradrenergic pathways are critical for seizures and postictal antinociception neuromodulation.

Interestingly, we demonstrated that pretreatment of the NTS with the GABA A receptor selective agonist muscimol, rather than pretreatment of the NTS with the selective GABA A receptor selective antagonist bicuculline followed by chemical activation of the NTS with NMDA, decreased the severity of PTZ-induced seizures, in addition to completely significantly blocking postictal antinociception.

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