Breast implant surface topography triggers a chronic-like inflammatory response.

Further analysis of the immune system components showed an increasing trend in the percentage of eosinophils, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes and a statistically significant increase in T-regulatory (Treg) cells—indicative of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and often found in tumors—among CD45 + cells in the periprosthetic fluids ( Fig 1E–L ).

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Specifically, we observed a decreasing trend in naive CD4 + T cells in the macrotextured group, which was paralleled by an increasing frequency of central memory (CM) and effector memory (EM) CD4 + T cells ( Fig 1M–O ).

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