The caffeine dilemma: unraveling the intricate relationship between caffeine use disorder, caffeine withdrawal symptoms and mental well-being in adults.

On the other hand, after adjusting for certain demographic and lifestyle factors, depression and stress scores may not be significant predictors (see online supplementary material, Supplemental Table S2 , data is not shown) Figure 1 and online supplementary material, Supplemental Table S3 , show the DASS-21 subgroup and total scores based on the presence of caffeine withdrawal symptoms.

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