Freehand Technique for Pedicle Screw Placement during Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Is Associated with Less Ionizing Radiation Compared to Intraoperative Navigation.

Concerning the radiation burden between surgeries for AIS with the FH technique or IN, the data show a highly significant ( p < 0.001) increment for the mean DLP in one study (Urbanski et al.) and the mean ED available in three studies (Dabaghi-Richerand et al., Su et al., and Urbanski et al.) [ 24 , 26 , 27 ].

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