highly significantP < 0.0001
Figure 2a shows that texts from Google News exhibit a relatively weak bias towards male representation (average bias ( μ ) = 0.03, P < 0.0001), whereas this male bias is more than four times stronger in images from Google Images ( μ = 0.14, P < 0.0001), marking a highly significant increase (mean difference = 0.11, P < 0.0001) (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-tailed, n = 2,986 categories).