Hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses to blood flow-restricted exercise.

Subgroup analysis demonstrated a borderline significant increase in GH plasma production at the initial phase (SMD = 1.69 [95% CI ‐0.03, 3.42]), whereas significant increases were observed at intermediate (SMD = 3.39 [95% CI 1.54, 5.24]) and late (SMD = 3.55 [95% CI 1.59, 5.52]) post‐exercise phases for LL‐BFRRE compared to LL‐FFRE.

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Timing of physiological responses in initial, intermediate, and late post‐exercise time intervals Overall, there was an overall trend for greater hormone and immune responses in favor of LL‐BFRRE compared to overall FFRE in the initial (<10 min), intermediate (10–20 min), and late (≥30 min) post‐exercise phases.

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